Open sewer Thailand
Signs and Symptoms
It has an incubation period of 1 - 3 weeks. Symptoms range from mild to severe and include:
Mild cases: fever, constipation or diarrhoea abdominal pain, loss of appetite, headache, myalgia and a rash can develop.
Severe cases: disseminated disease with multi organ involvement and meningitis can occur.
10-15% of all cases develop complications which can include intestinal perforation, pneumonia, fits and meningitis. With prompt antibiotic treatment case fatality is less than 1%, but can be as high as 20% in untreated cases. 1-3% of people become long term carriers after infection with typhoid fever. [1].
Risk for Travellers
Typhoid fever can be found worldwide, but it is predominately in countries where hygiene standards are poor. The highest risk areas are the Indian subcontinent, Asia, Africa and
The risk of contracting typhoid fever depends on the country visited, the highest risk remains in travellers visiting the Indian subcontinent with 17.3 cases per 100,000 travellers reported. Risk in high income countries remains low with less than 1 case per million visits [2].
Prevention
If you are travelling to a high risk destination where sanitation and food hygiene is poor you should consider getting a typhoid vaccination. For country recommendations visit Fit For Travel.
Food and water hygiene is equally important. You should:
- Only drink and clean teeth with bottled or boiled water
- Avoid foods such as shellfish that may have come from contaminated water
- Avoid salads that may have been washed in contaminated water
- Avoid ice in drinks , unless you are sure it has been made with clean water
- Wash hands regularly or use an alcohol hand gel when washing facilities are not available
References
what kind of place is this?.its very dangerous to live a place like this specially for your kids..we should protect our kids from any diseases..
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